When is the best time for a meeting between London and New York?
From 14:00 to 18:00 in London, 9:00 to 13:00 in New York, for most of the year. In the weeks between the two Sundays the clocks change, two or three in March and one around the start of November, it opens an hour earlier, from 13:00 in London.
What if there is no hour when everyone is at work?
The hour picked has the most people at work and, of those, the fewest asleep, which here means before 7:00 or from 23:00. For New York and Tokyo in October that is 9:00 in New York and 22:00 in Tokyo. In winter it is 17:00 there and 7:00 next morning in Tokyo, since 9:00 would be 23:00.
Why send a calendar file rather than the times?
A time typed into an invitation is read in each guest’s own zone, and a wrong guess about which zone was meant puts someone on the call an hour early. The file holds one instant, and every calendar turns it into local time by itself.